Keyword Guide · book-summary

Hamlet Act 4 Summary: The Path to Tragedy

Act 4 of William Shakespeare’s 'Hamlet' serves as the bridge between the climax of the play and its tragic conclusion. Following the accidental death of Polonius, the court of Elsinore descends into chaos as King Claudius attempts to solidify his power while Hamlet is sent into exile.

Get Readi.AI (iOS) Open App Redirect

The Fallout of Polonius's Death

The act begins immediately after Hamlet kills Polonius. Queen Gertrude informs Claudius of the event, describing Hamlet as mad. Sensing a direct threat to his throne, Claudius decides to ship Hamlet to England immediately. Hamlet, meanwhile, engages in a game of wits with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, refusing to reveal the location of the body until he is brought before the King. In these scenes, Hamlet’s dialogue is filled with dark humor and social commentary, highlighting the physical decay of the body and the ultimate equality of all men in death.

Exile and Fortinbras's Influence

As Hamlet is led away to his exile in England, he encounters the army of Prince Fortinbras of Norway. Fortinbras is marching to claim a small, insignificant piece of land in Poland. This encounter triggers Hamlet’s final major soliloquy. He compares his own hesitation to seek revenge for a murdered father and a stained mother with Fortinbras’s willingness to risk thousands of lives for a 'straw.' This moment is a psychological turning point; Hamlet resolves that his thoughts will be 'bloody' from this point forward.

The Tragedy of Ophelia

Back at the castle, the consequences of Hamlet's actions take a toll on those left behind. Ophelia, grieving her father's death and reeling from Hamlet’s rejection, loses her grip on reality. Her madness is expressed through symbolic songs and the distribution of flowers. Simultaneously, Laertes returns from France, fueled by rage and a desire for vengeance against the crown. Claudius, ever the manipulator, redirects Laertes’ anger toward Hamlet, convincing him that Hamlet is the sole cause of their family's suffering.

The Deadly Pact and Ophelia's End

A letter arrives for Horatio explaining that Hamlet’s ship was attacked by pirates, allowing him to return to Denmark. Upon learning of Hamlet's return, Claudius and Laertes devise a two-part plan to kill him during a fencing match: a poisoned foil and a backup poisoned drink. The act concludes on a somber note as Gertrude announces that Ophelia has drowned in a nearby stream. This tragic news further cements Laertes' resolve to follow through with the King’s lethal plot.

Why does Claudius send Hamlet to England?

Claudius realizes that Hamlet is a danger to his life and the stability of his reign. He also secretly sends letters to the English authorities ordering Hamlet's immediate execution upon arrival.

How does Ophelia's madness contrast with Hamlet's?

While Hamlet's madness is often debated as 'antic disposition' (a strategic act), Ophelia’s madness is depicted as a genuine psychological break caused by the loss of her father and her social standing.

What is the significance of the flowers Ophelia hands out?

The flowers are symbolic: rosemary for remembrance, pansies for thoughts, fennel for flattery, and rue for regret. They serve as a silent critique of the corruption and betrayal within the royal court.

Continue in App

Master Hamlet with Readi.AI

Struggling to keep track of every character and plot twist in Shakespeare? Get the edge you need for your next literature assignment. Download Readi.AI on the App Store to access expert study guides, character breakdowns, and AI-powered analysis designed for students.

Download on App Store Explore Features